Full Description
The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease provides a comprehensive and invaluable source of information on this important group of diseases. It is an essential guide for those engaged in either basic recording or in-depth research on human remains from archaeological sites. The range of potential tools for investigating metabolic diseases of bone are far greater than for many other conditions, and building on clinical investigations, this book will consider gross, surface features visible using microscopic examination, histological and radiological features of bone, that can be used to help investigate metabolic bone diseases.
Contents
AcknowledgmentsForewordChapter 1. IntroductionMetabolic Bone Disease: A DefinitionFormat of the BookChapter 2. The Study of Metabolic Bone Disease in BioarchaeologyApproaches to the Study of Metabolic Bone DiseaseChallenges in the Investigation of Metabolic Bone DiseaseMuseum CollectionsArchaeological Human BonePaleopathological DiagnosesDemographic IssuesModern Medical DataGenetics and AnthropologyCultural and Social AnthropologyNutritional and Medical AnthropologyPrimatologyConclusionsChapter 3. Background to Bone Biology and Mineral MetabolismBone Tissue: Cortical and Trabecular BoneDifferent Types of Bone Structure: Woven Bone and Lamellar BoneBone CellsModeling and Remodeling: Growth and AdulthoodMechanisms of GrowthModelingRemodelingBone Mineralization: The Extracellular Matrix (osteoid)Tooth Formation and MineralizationReasons for RemodelingBox Feature 3.1. Bone Biology in Context of the Life CourseBone Biology in Fracture HealingMineral Metabolism during LifeExtracellular Mineral MetabolismConclusionsChapter 4. Vitamin C Deficiency ScurvyCauses of Vitamin C DeficiencySources of Vitamin CBox Feature 4.1. Scurvy and WeaningThe Role of Vitamin CVitamin C RequirementsConsequences of ScurvyConsequences for AdultsConsequences for ChildrenScurvy in the Modern PerspectiveAnthropological PerspectivesReference to Probable Scurvy in Early TextsBox Feature 4.2. Subsistence Change and the Development of Scurvy: The Origins of AgricultureA More Recent View of Scurvy in the PastPaleopathological Cases of ScurvyDiagnosis of Scurvy in Archaeological BoneMacroscopic Features of Infantile ScurvyMacroscopic Features of Adult ScurvyRadiological Features of Infantile ScurvyRadiological Features of Adult ScurvyHistological Features of Infantile ScurvyHistological Features of Adult ScurvyDifferential DiagnosisBox Feature 4.3. Scurvy in Non-Human Primates: A Result of Human ActionsConclusionsAppendix: Summary of Published Archaeological Evidence for Vitamin C DeficiencyChapter 5. Vitamin D DeficiencyThe Skeletal Requirement of Vitamin DTerminologyCauses of Vitamin D DeficiencySunlightCultural Practices and Sunlight ExposureSkin Pigmentation and Genetic AdaptationsFood SourcesPregnancy and LactationIncreased AgeAge-Related OsteoporosisAdditional Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency with Effects on Mineral MetabolismRicketsConsequences of RicketsHistorical Recognition of RicketsRickets in the Modern PerspectiveAnthropological Perspectives: RicketsBox Feature 5.1. Beyond Fighting: The Physiological Impact of WarfarePaleopathological Cases of RicketsDiagnosis of Rickets in Archaeological BoneMacroscopic Features of RicketsRadiological Features of RicketsHistological Features of RicketsResidual Rickets in the Anthropological Perspective: Adult Evidence of Childhood Vitamin D DeficiencyDiagnosis of Residual Rickets in Archaeological BoneMacroscopic Features of Residual RicketsRadiological Features of Residual RicketsHistological Features of RicketsCo-MorbiditiesDifferential DiagnosisVitamin D Deficiency OsteomalaciaPseudofracturesAdult Vitamin D Deficiency in the Modern PerspectiveBox Feature 5.2. Physical and Non-Violent Manifestations of AbuseAnthropological Perspectives: OsteomalaciaPaleopathological Cases of OsteomalaciaDiagnosis of Osteomalacia in Archaeological BoneMacroscopic Features of OsteomalaciaRadiological Features of OsteomalaciaHistological Features of OsteomalaciaConclusionsAppendix: Summary of Published Archaeological Evidence for Vitamin D DeficiencyChapter 6. Age-Related Bone Loss and OsteoporosisDefinitions of OsteoporosisCauses of Age-Related OsteoporosisMenopauseIncreased AgePeak Bone MassMechanical LoadingExtremes of ExerciseContinuing Sub-Periosteal AppositionGenetics and Population GroupsNutrition and LifestyleSkeletal Features of Age-Related OsteoporosisConsequences of Age-Related Osteoporosis: FracturesDistal Radius Fractures (Colles ' Fractures)Vertebral FracturesFemoral FracturesOsteoporosis in the Modern PerspectiveAnthropological PerspectivesBox Feature 6.1. Historical and Anthropological Perspectives of AgingAge-Related Osteoporosis in MenBox Feature 6.2. Animal Studies in Osteoporosis I: Age-Related Bone LossBox Feature 6.3. Problems in the Determination of Age-Related Bone Changes in Biological AnthropologyPaleopathological Cases of Age-Related OsteoporosisCo-MorbiditiesDiagnosis of Age-Related Bone Loss and Osteoporosis in Archaeological BoneMacroscopic Features of OsteoporosisRadiological Features of OsteoporosisHistological Changes of OsteoporosisConclusionsChapter 7. Secondary Osteopenia and OsteoporosisCauses of Secondary Osteopenia and OsteoporosisOsteopenia and MobilityEffects of ImmobilizationBox Feature 7.1. Animal Studies in Osteoporosis II: Immobilization-Related OsteopeniaTrauma and Causes of ImmobilityNon-Long Bone Trauma and Additional Causes of Disuse OsteoporosisBone Loss in Infectious DiseasesImmobility in Viral ConditionsCongenital and Developmental ConditionsOsteopenia in Spinal Cord or Neuromuscular System AfflictionsBox Feature 7.2. Implications of Immobility and Inferences of DisabilityOsteopenia in Pathological ConditionsJoint DiseaseHematopoietic ConditionsNeoplastic and Malignant ConditionsThe Influence of Diet on Osteoporosis RiskDietary Acid Load and Proposed Mechanisms of Bone LossCalciumProteinFatty AcidsFruit and VegetablesAnthropological PerspectivesCalcium in the Evolutionary PerspectiveThe Effect of Meat Eating on Calcium AdequacyBox Feature 7.3. The Health of Adaptive and Transitional Diets: Integrated Approaches?Calcium Availability with the Onset of DomesticationDiagnosis of Secondary Osteopenia in Archaeological BoneConclusionsChapter 8. Paget's Disease of BoneBox Feature 8.1. Animal PaleopathologyConsequences of Paget's DiseasePelvic ChangesCranial ChangesLong Bone ChangesOther Bones that can be AffectedCo-MorbiditiesPaget's Disease in the Modern PerspectiveAge and SexGeographic VariationAnthropological PerspectivesPaleopathological Cases of Paget's DiseaseDiagnosis of Paget's Disease in Archaeological Bone Macroscopic Features of Paget's DiseaseRadiological Features of Paget's DiseaseHistological Features of Paget's DiseaseDifferential DiagnosisBox Feature 8.2. The Contribution of Paleopathology to Modern MedicineConclusionsChapter 9. Miscellaneous ConditionsFluorosisConsequences of FluorosisDental FluorosisSkeletal FluorosisCo-MorbiditiesFluorosis in the Modern PerspectiveAnthropological Perspectives: FluorosisPaleopathological Cases of FluorosisOther Conditions Linked to IntoxicationHyperparathyroidismCauses of HyperparathyroidismPrimary Hyperparathyroidism Secondary HyperparathyroidismConsequences of HyperparathyroidismAnthropological Perspectives: HyperparathyroidismPaleopathological Cases of HyperparathyroidismDiagnosis of Hyperparathyroidism in Archaeological BonePellagraBox Feature 9.1. Anthropological Investigations of Displaced PeoplesStarvationBox Feature 9.2. Malnutrition, Starvation and OsteoporosisRare Metabolic Bone DiseasesHyperostosisHypophosphatasiaOsteogenesis ImperfectaOsteopetrosisConclusionsChapter 10. Overview and Directions for Future ResearchBone BiologyVitamin C Deficiency, ScurvyVitamin D Deficiency, Rickets and OsteomalaciaAge-Related OsteoporosisSecondary Osteopenia and OsteoporosisPaget'S Disease of BoneMiscellaneous Metabolic Bone DiseasesConclusionsBibliographyIndex
