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Full Description
Ultrasonic transducers are key components in sensors for distance, flow and level measurement as well as in power, biomedical and other applications of ultrasound. Ultrasonic transducers reviews recent research in the design and application of this important technology.Part one provides an overview of materials and design of ultrasonic transducers. Piezoelectricity and basic configurations are explored in depth, along with electromagnetic acoustic transducers, and the use of ceramics, thin film and single crystals in ultrasonic transducers. Part two goes on to investigate modelling and characterisation, with performance modelling, electrical evaluation, laser Doppler vibrometry and optical visualisation all considered in detail. Applications of ultrasonic transducers are the focus of part three, beginning with a review of surface acoustic wave devices and air-borne ultrasound transducers, and going on to consider ultrasonic transducers for use at high temperature and in flaw detection systems, power, biomedical and micro-scale ultrasonics, therapeutic ultrasound devices, piezoelectric and fibre optic hydrophones, and ultrasonic motors are also described.With its distinguished editor and expert team of international contributors,Ultrasonic transducers is an authoritative review of key developments for engineers and materials scientists involved in this area of technology as well as in its applications in sectors as diverse as electronics, wireless communication and medical diagnostics.
Contents
Contributor contact detailsWoodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical MaterialsPrefacePart I: Materials and design of ultrasonic transducersChapter 1: Piezoelectricity and basic configurations for piezoelectric ultrasonic transducersAbstract:1.1 Introduction1.2 The piezoelectric effect1.3 Piezoelectric materials1.4 Piezoelectric transducers1.5 Summary, future trends and sources of further informationChapter 2: Electromagnetic acoustic transducersAbstract:2.1 Introduction2.2 Physical principles2.3 Lorentz-force-type transducers2.4 Magnetostriction-type transducers2.5 ConclusionChapter 3: Piezoelectric ceramics for transducersAbstract:3.1 The history of piezoelectrics3.2 Piezoelectric materials: present statusChapter 4: Thin-film PZT-based transducersAbstract:4.1 Introduction4.2 PZT deposition using the hydrothermal process4.3 Applications using the bending and longitudinal vibration of the d31 effect4.4 Thickness-mode vibration, d334.5 Epitaxial film4.6 ConclusionsChapter 5: High-Curie-temperature piezoelectric single crystals of the Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3aEURO"Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3aEURO"PbTiO3 ternary systemAbstract:5.1 Introduction5.2 PIMNT ceramics5.3 PIMNT single crystals grown by the flux method5.4 PIMNT single crystals grown by the Bridgman method5.5 Recent research into PIMNT single crystals and their applications5.6 Future prospects and tasks5.7 ConclusionsPart II: Modelling and characterisation of ultrasonic transducersChapter 6: Modelling ultrasonic-transducer performance: one-dimensional modelsAbstract:6.1 Introduction6.2 Transducer performance expressed through the wave equation6.3 Equivalent electrical circuit models6.4 The linear systems model6.5 Examples6.6 Summary, future trends and sources of further informationChapter 7: The boundary-element method applied to microacoustic devices: zooming into the near fieldAbstract:7.1 Introduction7.2 The acoustic wave equation: shear horizontal vibrations7.3 Construction of infinite-domain Green's functions7.4 Near-field analysis7.5 Normalization of the field variables7.6 Determining the asymptotic expansion terms for AEz 07.7 Future trends7.8 Key references for further reading7.9 AcknowledgementsChapter 8: Electrical evaluation of piezoelectric transducersAbstract:8.1 Introduction8.2 Equivalent electrical circuit8.3 Electrical measurements8.4 Characterization of piezoelectric transducers under high-power operation8.5 Load test8.6 SummaryChapter 9: Laser Doppler vibrometry for measuring vibration in ultrasonic transducersAbstract:9.1 Introduction9.2 Laser Doppler vibrometry for non-contact vibration measurements9.3 Characterization of ultrasonic transducers and optimization of ultrasonic tools9.4 Enhanced LDV designs for special measurements9.5 Conclusion and summaryChapter 10: Optical visualization of acoustic fields: the schlieren technique, the Fresnel method and the photoelastic method applied to ultrasonic transducersAbstract:10.1 Introduction10.2 Schlieren visualization technique10.3 Fresnel visualization method10.4 Photoelastic visualization methodPart III: Applications of ultrasonic transducersChapter 11: Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devicesAbstract:11.1 Introduction11.2 Interdigital transducers (IDTs)11.3 Transversal SAW filter11.4 SAW resonators11.5 ConclusionsChapter 12: Airborne ultrasound transducersAbstract:12.1 Introduction12.2 Basic design principles12.3 Transducer designs for use in air12.4 Radiated fields in air12.5 Applications12.6 Future trends12.7 Sources of further information and advice12.8 AcknowledgementsChapter 13: Transducers for non-destructive evaluation at high temperaturesAbstract:13.1 Transducers for non-destructive evaluation at high temperatures13.2 Sol-gel composite ultrasonic transducers13.3 Structural-health monitoring demonstration13.4 Process-monitoring demonstration13.5 ConclusionsChapter 14: Analysis and synthesis of frequency-diverse ultrasonic flaw-detection systems using order statistics and neural network processorsAbstract:14.1 Introduction14.2 Ultrasonic flaw-detection techniques14.3 Neural network detection processor14.4 Flaw-detection performance evaluation14.5 System-on-a-chip implementation - a case study14.6 Future trends14.7 Conclusions14.8 Further informationChapter 15: Power ultrasonics: new technologies and applications for fluid processingAbstract:15.1 Introduction15.2 New power ultrasonic technologies for fluids and multiphase media15.3 Application of the new power ultrasonic technology to processing15.4 Conclusions15.5 AcknowledgementsChapter 16: Nonlinear acoustics and its application to biomedical ultrasonicsAbstract:16.1 Introduction16.2 Basic aspects of nonlinear acoustic wave propagation and associated phenomena16.3 Measurements of and advances in the determination of B/A16.4 Advances in tissue harmonic imaging16.5 Nonlinear acoustics in ultrasound metrology16.6 Nonlinear wave propagation in hydrophone probe calibration16.7 Nonlinear acoustics in therapeutic applications16.8 Conclusions16.9 AcknowledgementsChapter 17: Therapeutic ultrasound with an emphasis on applications to the brainAbstract:17.1 Introduction and summary17.2 Fundamentals of propagation and absorption of ultrasound17.3 Acoustic attenuation as absorption plus scattering17.4 Physical and chemical processes engendered by medical ultrasound17.5 Bubble formation and growth17.6 Inertial cavitation and associated material stresses17.7 Mechanical index17.8 Diagnostic ultrasound17.9 Therapeutic ultrasound17.10 Ultrasound-facilitated delivery of drugs and antibodies into the brain17.11 Neuromodulation by ultrasound17.12 ConclusionChapter 18: Microscale ultrasonic sensors and actuatorsAbstract:18.1 Introduction: ultrasonic horn actuators18.2 Advantages of silicon-based technology18.3 Silicon ultrasonic horns18.4 Sensor integration and fabrication of silicon horns18.5 Planar electrode characterization18.6 Piezoresistive strain gauges18.7 Applications: tissue penetration force reduction18.8 Applications: cardiac electrophysiological measurement18.9 Applications: microscale tissue metrology in testicular sperm extraction (TESE) surgery18.10 ConclusionsChapter 19: Piezoelectric and fibre-optic hydrophonesAbstract:19.1 Introduction19.2 General hydrophone considerations19.3 Piezoelectric hydrophones19.4 Fibre-optic hydrophones19.5 SummaryChapter 20: Ultrasonic motorsAbstract:20.1 Introduction20.2 Standing-wave ultrasonic motors20.3 Traveling-wave ultrasonic motors20.4 Ultrasonic motor performance20.5 Summary and future trendsIndex
