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This three-in-one rhetoric/reader/handbook teaches students how to become astute critics and editors of their own writing, helping them to discover their own successful writing process while they learn the qualities of effective writing. The sixth edition of "The Student Writer" offers new material on argumentation, on applying the patterns of organization, on writing about literature, on visual argument, on research writing, and on ethics in writing.
Contents
* indicates a new readingPart 1 Strategies for Reading and WritingChapter 1 The Connection between Reading and Writing Reading Analytically Step One: Preview the Material Step Two: Read Thoughtfully Determine the Author's Thesis Consider the Intended Audience and Purpose Distinguish between Facts and Opinions Make Inferences Make Connections Assess the Quality of Material Draw Conclusions Marking the Text Step Three: Review and Write for Retention A Sample Marked Text John Holt "School Is Bad for Children" Writing in Response to Reading Writing a Summary Evaluating an Author's Ideas Sharing Personal Reactions and Associations Essays for Reading and Response Amy Tan "Democracy" Albert Rosenfeld "Animal Rights versus Human Health Analyzing Visual Content Determine the Image's Topic Identify the Audience and Purpose Identify and Evaluate the Components of the Image Notice Inference Consider the Text Accompanies the Image Assess the Quality of the ImageChapter 2 Getting StartedThe Writing Process Six Areas of the Writing Process Choosing a Writing Topic Pay Attention to the World around You Freewrite Fill in the Blanks Narrow a Broad Topic Freewrite Write a List Consider the Patterns of Development Map Your Broad Topic Anthony's Essay in Progress: Discovering a Writing Topic Establishing Your Purpose Identifying and Assessing Your Audience Anthony's Essay in Progress: Establishing Purpose and Identifying and Assessing Audience Discovering Ideas to Develop Your Topic Freewrite Write a List Answer Questions Write a Letter Investigate Sources Keep a Journal Computer Tips for Prewriting Process Guidelines: Breaking Through Writer's Block Developing a Preliminary Thesis The Qualities of an Effective Thesis Process Guidelines: How to Draft a Preliminary Thesis Process Guidelines: The Sequence of Your Writing Process Anthony's Essay in Progress: Discovering Ideas and Developing a Preliminary Thesis Writing AssignmentChapter 3 Organizing and Drafting Process Guidelines: Evaluating Your Ideas Ordering Ideas Chronological Order Spatial Order Progressive Order Outlining The Formal Outline Outline Cards The Outline Worksheet The Outline Tree The Scratch Outline Process Guidelines: Outlining Anthony's Essay in Progress: Outlining Writing the First Draft Structuring Your Essay Aaron Palumbo "Portrait of an Achiever" The Introduction Process Guidelines: Drafting Introductions Body Paragraphs Placement of the Topic Sentence Effective Supporting Details When to Begin a New Paragraph Process Guidelines: Drafting Body Paragraphs The Conclusion Drafting a Title Computer Tips for Drafting Anthony's Essay in Progress: The First Draft Writing AssignmentChapter 4 Revising for Content and Organization Process Guidelines: Moving from Writer-Based to Reader-Based Activity Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Content Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Organization Achieving Coherence Use Transitions to Achieve Coherence Use Repetition to Achieve Coherence Use Transitions and Repetition to Achieve Coherence between Paragraphs Working Collaboratively: Revising with the Help of Reader Response Process Guidelines: Giving and Receiving Reader Response Process Guidelines: Breaking through Writer's Block Computer Tips for Revising Anthony's Essay in Progress: Revising the First DraftChapter 5 Revising for Effective Expression Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Sentences Use Active Voice Use Coordination and Subordination Achieve Sentence Variety Use Parallel Structure Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Diction Use an Appropriate Level of Diction Use Words with an Appropriate Connotation Avoid Colloquial Language Use Specific Diction Use Simple Diction Use Gender-Neutral, Inoffensive Language Eliminate Wordiness Avoid Cliches Process Guidelines: Revising Sentences and Words Computer Tips for Revising Sentences and Words Anthony's Essay in Progress: The Final DraftPart 2 Patterns of DevelopmentChapter 6 Description Why Is Description Important? Description across the Disciplines and Beyond Combining Description with Other Patterns Selecting Detail Focus Your Description with a Dominant Impression Determine Your Need for Objective and Subjective Description Use Concrete Sensory Detail Use Similes, Metaphors, and Personification Consider Your Purpose and Audience Be a Responsible Writer Organizing Description Visualizing a Descriptive Essay Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays Karen Greene "A Child's Room"* Jerry Silberman "My First Flight" Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays James Tuite "The Sounds of the City" Ernesto Galarza "A Mexican House" Combining Patterns of Development* Suzanne Berne "Where Nothing Says Everything" Style Note Description in a Visual Image Suggestions for Writing Process Guidelines for Writing DescriptionChapter 7 NarrationWhy Is Narration Important? Narration across the Disciplines and Beyond Combining Narration with Other Patterns Selecting Detail Answer the Journalist's Questions Write Dialogue Describe a Person, Place, or Scene Tell Your Story for a Reason Consider Your Purpose and Audience Be a Responsible Writer Organizing Narration Visualizing a Narrative Essay Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays Donald J. Monaco "The Ball Game"* Brian DeWolf "The Great Buffalo Hunt" Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays Paul Hemphill "The Girl in Gift Wrap" Maya Angelou "The Boys" Combining Patterns of Development* Devin Gordon "My Skeleton Saga" Style Note Narration in a Visual Image Suggestions for Writing Process Guidelines for Writing NarrationChapter 8 ExemplificationWhy Is Exemplification Important?Exemplification across the Disciplines and BeyondCombining Exemplification with Other Patterns Selecting Detail Consider Examples from a Variety of Sources Use Description and Narration as Examples Use Hypothetical Examples Use the Right Number of Examples Consider Your Purpose and Audience Be a Responsible Writer Organizing Exemplification Visualizing an Exemplification Essay Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays* Delilah Rawlins "Ocean of Tears"* Ken Hamner "Let's Just Ban Everything" Student Essay with Research* Thomas Baird "Media Stereotyping of Muslims as Terrorists" Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays Harold Krents "Darkness at Noon"* Dawn Turner Trice "Shoddy Service" Combining Patterns of DevelopmentJudith Otis Cofer "The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria" Style Note Exemplification in a Visual Image Suggestions for Writing Process Guidelines for Writing ExemplificationChapter 9 Process AnalysisWhy Is Process Analysis Important? Process Analysis across the Disciplines and Beyond Combining Process Analysis with Other Patterns Selecting Detail Include All the Important Steps Explain How a Step is PerformedExplain the Significance of a Step or Why It Is Performed Explain Trouble Spots and What Not to Do Mention Necessary Items and Define Unfamiliar Terms Include Examples and Description Use Visuals Consider Your Purpose and Audience Be a Responsible Writer Organizing a Process Analysis Visualizing a Process Analysis Essay Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays Lucas Smith "Horse Sense"* Anonymous "A Visit to Candyland" Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays Kirby W. Stanat "How to Take a Job Interview"* Diane Ackerman "Why Leaves Turn Color in the Fall" Combining Patterns of Development* Eric L. Wee "Annie Smith Swept Here" Style Note Process Analysis in a Visual Image Suggestions for Writing Process Guidelines for Writing Process Analysis Chapter 10 Comparison-ContrastWhy Is Comparison-Contrast Important? Comparison-Contrast across the Disciplines and Beyond Combining Comparison-Contrast with Other Patterns Selecting Detail Include Enough Points of Comparison and Contrast Draw on Other Patterns to Explain Points of Comparison and Contrast Maintain Balance between the Points Discussed Consider Your Audience and Purpose Be a Responsible Writer Organizing Comparison-Contrast Visualizing a Comparison-Contrast Essay Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays Gus Spirtos "The Human and the Superhuman: Two VeryDifferent Heroes" Maria Scarsella "Like Mother like Daughter" Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays Rachel Carson "A Fable for Tomorrow"* Suzanne Britt "That Lean and Hungry Look" Combining Patterns of Development* Patria P. Ramos "What It Means to Be a Filipino" Style Note Comparison-Contrast in a Visual Image Suggestions for Writing Process Guidelines for Writing Comparison-Contrast Chapter 11 Cause-and-Effect AnalysisWhy Is Cause-and-Effect Analysis Important? Cause-and-Effect Analysis across the Disciplines and Beyond Combining Cause-and-Effect Analysis with Other Patterns Selecting Detail Report Multiple Causes and Effects Identify Underlying Causes and Effects Prove That Something Is a Cause or Effect Identify Immediate and Remote Causes Reproduce Causal Chains Explain Why Something Is or Is Not a Cause or an Effect Consider Your Audience and Purpose Be a Responsible Writer Organizing Cause-and-Effect Analysis Visualizing Cause-and-Effect Analysis Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays Brigitt Ryan "Gender-Specific Cigarette Advertising" John Selzer "Athletes on Drugs: It's Not So Hard to Understand" Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays Anne Roiphe "Why Marriages Fail"* Suzanne Sievert "It's Not Just How We Play That Matters" Combining Patterns of Development* David France with Franco Ordonez "$75 Million of Stuff" Style Note Cause-and-Effect Analysis in a Visual Image Suggestions for Writing Process Guidelines for Writing Cause-and-Effect AnalysisChapter 12 DefinitionWhy Is Definition Important? Definition across the Disciplines and Beyond Combining Definition with Other Patterns Selecting Detail Write a Stipulative DefinitionDraw on Other Patterns of DevelopmentCompare or Contrast the Term with Related WordsExplain What Your Term Is Not Consider Your Audience and Purpose Be a Responsible Writer Organizing Definition Visualizing a Definition Essay Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysMaria Vilar "Parenthood: Don't Count on Sleeping until They Move Out" Melissa Greco "What Is Writer's Block" Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays Laurie Lee "Appetite"* Margo Kaufman "My Way!" Combining Patterns of Development* Dave Barry "The Pajama Game"Style Note Definition in a Visual Image Suggestions for Writing Process Guidelines for Writing DefinitionChapter 13 Classification and DivisionWhy Are Classification and Division Important? Definition across the Disciplines and Beyond Combining Classification and Division with Other Patterns Selecting Detail Have a Principle of Classification or DivisionBe Sure All Categories or Components Conform to Your Principle of Classification or DivisionUse Mutually Exclusive CategoriesExplain Each Category or Component Consider Your Audience and Purpose Be a Responsible Writer Organizing Classification and Division Visualizing a Classification and Division Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysAnita Selfe "Grocery Shoppers" Ray Harkleroad "Horror Movies" Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays Russell Baker "The Plot Against People" Judith Viorst "The Truth about Lying"* David Bodanis "What's in Your Toothpaste?" Combining Patterns of DevelopmentMartin Luther King, Jr. "The Ways of Meeting Oppression" Style Note Division in a Visual Image Suggestions for Writing Process Guidelines for Writing Classification and Division Part Three Using the Patterns of DevelopmentChapter 14 ArgumentationWhy Is Argumentation Important? Argumentation across the Disciplines and Beyond Finding an Issue and Establishing Your Claim Consider Your Audience and Purpose Kinds of Support Sources of Reasons and Evidence Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Avoiding Logical Fallacies Emotional Appeals Ethical Appeals: Raising and Countering Objections Creating Goodwill Using the Patterns of Development Be a Responsible Writer Organizing an Argument Essay Visualizing an Argument Essay Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysMichael Weiss "It's Just Too Easy" LaDonna Ireland "The Old Ball Game" Student Essay with Research* Mary E. Fischer "Should Obscene Art Be Funded by the Government?" Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays Ronnie Gunnerson "Parents Also Have Rights" Wayne M. Joseph "Why I Dread Black History Month"* Charles R. Eisendrath "So Shoot Me, I'm a Hunter" Style Note Argumentation in a Visual Image Suggestions for Writing Process Guidelines for Writing Argumentation Chapter 15 Writing with SourcesWhen to Research The Research Process Choose a Broad Research Paper Topic Narrow Your Topic: Understand Your Purpose Understand the Terms of the Assignment Use Strategies for Narrowing a Topic Skim Source Materials Draft a Preliminary Thesis Locate Sources: Consider the Kind of Information You Need Use the Catalog to Locate Books Use Reference Works Use Indexes to Locate Periodical Material Search the Internet Do Field Research Compile a Working Bibliography Evaluate Your Sources Take Notes Reconsider Your Preliminary Thesis Outline Write Your First Draft Document Source Material What to Document How To Document Source Material: Introducing Source Material Writing Parenthetical Text Citations Writing the Works Cited Page Using APA Documentation How to Avoid Plagiarism Learning from Other Writers: A Student Research Paper* Julie Cooper "Genetically Modified Food: Watching What We Eat"Chapter 16 Assembling a Writing Portfolio The Purposes of a Writing Portfolio What to Include in a Self-Reflection EssayChapter 17 Writing about Literature How to Write about Literature Learning from Other Writers: A Student Essay* Martin Espada "Coca Cola and Coca Frio"* Michael Hambuchen "Symbol and Theme in 'Coca Cola and Coca Frio'"* Saki (H. H. Munro) "The Open Window"* John Heaviside "A Gathering of Deafs" Part Four. A Guide to Frequently Occurring ErrorsChapter 18 Word Choice Troublesome Phrasings Phrasings That Announce Your Intent Unnecessary or Faulty Modifiers Faulty Synonyms Etc. Faulty Grammar and Usage ESL Note: Idioms Double Negatives (dn) Frequently Confused WordsChapter 19 Sentence Fragments Finding Sentence Fragments Correcting Sentence Fragments ESL Note: Past Participe and Passive VoiceChapter 20 Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices Finding Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices Correcting Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices ESL Note: Commas and Main ClausesChapter 21 Verbs Verb Forms: Regular and Irregular Verbs ESL Note: Incorrect Use of --D and --ED Endings Irregular Verb Forms Verb Forms: Be -S and --ES Forms -D and ED Forms Subject-Verb Agreement Subject and Verb Separated Inverted Order Indefinite Pronouns Collective Nouns Relative Pronouns ESL Note: Singular Verbs and Noncount Nouns Tense Shifts Voice ShiftsChapter 22 Pronouns Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Compound SubjectsCollective Nouns Indefinite Pronouns Gender-Neutral Pronouns Pronoun Reference Ambiguous Reference Unstated Reference Person Shift Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Pronoun Case Pronouns in Compounds Pronouns after Forms of To Be Pronouns in Comparisons Pronouns Followed by Nouns Who, Whoever, Whom, and Whomever ESL Note: Pronoun Reference and Who, Whom, Which, or ThatChapter 23 Modifiers Adjectives and Adverbs Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs ESL Note: A, An, and The Dangling Modifiers Misplaced ModifiersChapter 24 Punctuation The Comma Commas with Items in a Series Commas with Introductory Elements Commas to Set Off Nouns of Direct Address Commas with Nonessential Elements Commas with Interrupters Commas with Main Clauses Commas between Coordinate Modifiers, Commas for Clarity, and Commas to Separate Contrasting Elements When Not to Use a Comma The Semicolon The Colon The Dash Parentheses The Apostrophe The Apostrophe to Show Possession The Apostrophe to Indicate Missing Letters or Numbers and for Some Plurals ESL Note: Its and It's Quotation Marks The Ellipsis Mark Brackets The HyphenChapter 25 Mechanics Capitalization ESL Note: Capitalization Underlining and Italics Abbreviations and Numbers Spelling ESL Note: SpellingAppendix: The Parts of SpeechNER(01): WOW
