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Although the title of this book is Paper Chemistry, it should be considered as a text about the chemistry of the formation of paper from aqueous suspensions of fibre and other additives, rather than as a book about the chemistry of the raw material itself. It is the subject of what papermakers call wet-end chemistry. There are many other excellent texts on the chemistry of cellulose and apart from one chapter on the accessibility of cellulose, the subject is not addressed here. Neither does the book deal with the chemistry of pulp preparation (from wood, from other plant sources or from recycled fibres), for there are also many excellent texts on this subject. The first edition of this book was a great success and soon became established as one of the Bibles of the industry. Its achievement then was to collect the considerable advances in understanding which had been made in the chemistry of papermaking in previous years, and provide, for the first time, a sound physico chemical basis of the subject. This new edition has been thoroughly updated with much new material added. The formation of paper is a continuous filtration process in which cellulosic fibres are formed into a network which is then pressed and dried. The important chemistry involved in this process is firstly the retention of col loidal material during filtration and secondly the modification of fibre and sheet properties so as to widen the scope for the use of paper and board products.
Contents
1 Applications of paper chemistry.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Paper chemical use in specific product grades.- 1.3 Trends in paper chemical use.- References.- 2 Accessibility of cellulose.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The concept of accessibility.- 2.3 Determination of crystallinity/accessibility of cellulose.- References.- 3 Electrokinetics of the papermaking industry.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The electrical double layer.- 3.3 Origin of the charge on papermaking fines, fibres, mineral pigments and fillers.- 3.4 The classical coagulation theory, DLVO theory.- 3.5 Electrophoresis and electrokinetic phenomena - calculation of the zeta potential.- 3.6 Some experimental methods of determining the zeta potential.- 3.7 Polyelectrolyte titrations.- References.- 4 Mechanisms of flocculation and stabilisation of suspensions by organic polymers.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Behaviour of suspensions of bare particles.- 4.3 A brief insight into polymer conformations in solution and at solid/liquid interfaces.- 4.4 Effect of nonionic polymers on suspension stability: Bridging flocculation and steric stabilization.- 4.5 Flocculation by polyelectrolytes.- 4.6 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Retention aids.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 The chemical nature of retention aids.- 5.3 Mode of action of retention aids.- 5.4 Concluding remarks.- References.- 6 Dry-strength additives.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Cationic starch.- 6.3 Vegetable gums.- 6.4 Polyacrylamide resins.- References.- 7 Wet-strength chemistry.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Mechanisms of wet-strength development.- 7.3 The chemistry and application of commercial wet-strength resins.- 7.4 Testing of wet-strength papers.- 7.5 Assessing the efficiency of wet-strength resins.- 7.6 Future trends.- References.- 8 The sizing of paper with rosin and alum at acidpHs.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Background.- 8.3 Sizing theories.- 8.4 Rosin sizing at pHs greater than 5.5.- 8.5 Summary.- References.- 9 Neutral and alkaline sizing.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Reasons for changing to neutral sizing.- 9.3 Alkyl ketene dinners.- 9.4 Alkenyl succinic anhydride.- 9.5 Comparisons between AKD and ASA sizing.- 9.6 Neutral rosin sizing systems.- References.- 10 Dyes and fluorescent whitening agents for paper.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Basic concepts of colour.- 10.3 Classification of dyes and pigments.- 10.4 Dyes and pigments for paper.- 10.5 Application of dyes and pigments for paper.- 10.6 Fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs).- 10.7 Ecotoxicology.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 11 Physical and chemical aspects of the use of fillers in paper.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Filler properties.- 11.3 Retention.- 11.4 The effect of filler on paper properties.- 11.5 General summary.- References.- 12 Measurement and control.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Current status of wet-end chemistry measurement.- 12.3 Problems in measurement and control in wet-end chemistry.- 12.4 On-line wet-end chemistry instrumentation.- 12.5 Process control in wet-end chemistry.- 12.6 On-line retention monitoring systems.- 12.7 Monitoring of on-line surface charge.- 12.8 Methodology for complete automatic retention control.- 12.9 Applicability of new sensing devices and techniques.- 12.10 Concluding remarks.- References.- 13 Practical applications of paper chemistry.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Retention.- 13.3 Starch.- 13.4 Sizing.- 13.5 Deposit control.- 13.6 Difficulties and limitations of practical applications.- References.
