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Full Description
Winner of the 2012 Bancroft Prize in American History
Finalist for the 2012 Pulitzer Prize in History
To most people living in the West, the Louisiana Purchase made little difference: the United States was just another imperial overlord to be assessed and manipulated. This was not, as Empires, Nations, and Families makes clear, virgin wilderness discovered by virtuous Anglo entrepreneurs. Rather, the United States was a newcomer in a place already complicated by vying empires. This book documents the broad family associations that crossed national and ethnic lines and that, along with the river systems of the trans-Mississippi West, formed the basis for a global trade in furs that had operated for hundreds of years before the land became part of the United States. Empires, Nations, and Families shows how the world of river and maritime trade effectively shifted political power away from military and diplomatic circles into the hands of local people. Tracing family stories from the Canadian North to the Spanish and Mexican borderlands and from the Pacific Coast to the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, Anne F. Hyde's narrative moves from the earliest years of the Indian trade to the Mexican War and the gold rush era. Her work reveals how, in the 1850s, immigrants to these newest regions of the United States violently wrested control from Native and other powers, and how conquest and competing demands for land and resources brought about a volatile frontier culture—not at all the peace and prosperity that the new power had promised.
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of MapsAcknowledgments: Adventures in the Land of the Dead
Introduction: The Geography of Empire in 1804
St. Louis
Michilimackinac
Santa Fe
The Pacific Coast Family Stories
"Died Single"
Why Fur and Why Families?
Sources and Definitions
Maps and Signposts
Part I: Replacing a State: The Continental Web of Family Trade
Chapter 1: Families and Fur: The Personal World of the Early American West
The Chouteau Family and Missouri River World
"Middle Ground" or "Native Ground"?
"Tough Love" and Family Loyalty
On the Trail of Wealth and Opportunity
The Sublette Brothers and Their Family Business
Chasing Fortune and Family
Americans in Mexico, Californios in America
Dangerous Places
Chapter 2: Fort Vancouver's Families: The Custom of the Country
Cogs in the Fur Trade
The Local and Global Communities of the Columbia
The Métis World of John McLoughlin
The Tentacles of International Trade
The McLoughlins and the Company
Life and Work on the Columbia
Global Ambitions
The Fine Mesh of the Family Network
Immigrants, Nations, and the Loss of a Family Empire
Murder at Fort Stikine and Suicide in California
Chapter 3: Three Western Places: Regional Communities and Vecinidad
William Bent's Border World
Bent's Fort and Its Neighborhood
Omens and Weddings
Norteños and Yanquis in Alta California
Captain Sutter's New Helvetia
Dinner and Diplomacy in Northern California
Portents of Change
Stephen Austin's Border World
Planting Colonies in Texas
Austin's Fractious Neighborhood
PART II: Americans All: The Mixed World of Indian Country
Chapter 4: The Early West: The Many Faces of Indian Country
Cherokee, Shawnee, and Osage
The View from Fort Osage
The View from St. Louis
Change, Loss, and Warfare on the Missouri
The Arikara War
Métis and Half-Breed in an Anglo West
Chapter 5: Empires in Transition: Indian Country at Midcentury, 1825-1860
Counting Indians
Expanding Power
The Santa Fe Trail
Native Nations and Texas Revolution
Retrenchment and Resistance
The Osage and Accommodation on the Arkansas
Good Fathers and the Fur Trade
Captivity Tales and Epidemic Disease
PART III: From Nations to Nation: Imposing a State, 1840-1865
Chapter 6: Unintended Consequences: Families, Nations, and the Mexican War
What if Guadelupe Boggs married Teresina Carson?
Questions of Citizenship and Identity
Joseph Smith and the Origins of Mormonism
Mexican Revolutions
Continental Rumor Factories
The Bent Family and the Vagaries of War
Bent's Choice
Brigham Young and the Choices of War
Hard Choices in California
The McLoughlins' Choice
Chapter 7: Border Wars: Disorder and Disaster in the 1850s
The Evolving Fur Trade World
Postwar Family and Business on the Arkansas
Indian War in the Pacific Northwest
Oregon's Bloody Legacy
The Failure of Warfare and Washington's Native Nations
Nation-Building in the Southwest
Raising Families and Fighting Wars
Chapter 8: The State and its Handmaidens: Imposing Order
Civil Threats and the Mormons
The Personal Politics of Polygamy and Theocracy
The Almost War and the Massacre in Utah
Conquest and Chaos in California
A Nation of Squatters
While Kansas Bled and Native People Fled
The Pesky Details of Popular Sovereignty
A National Horror Show
The Minnesota Uprising of 1862
Sand Creek and the Bent Family Nightmare
Epilogue: How it All Turned Out
Sonoma
Los Angeles
Taos
The Arkansas River
Oregon
St. Louis
Kawsmouth
Notes
BibliographyIndex
