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基本説明
This book establishes dynamic assessment as a useful approach that complements standardized normative tests.
Full Description
Dynamic/interactive assessment has been a long time coming! It has been almost a century since Alfred Binet suggested that assessment of the processes of learn ing should constitute a priority in the mental testing movement, and over 60 years since Andre Rey made the same suggestion. An important model that supports many contemporary approaches to "flexible" or "process" assessment was offered by Vygotsky in the 1920s. The ground breaking work by Reuven Feuerstein and his Swiss colleagues on process assessment of North African Jewish children was done in the early 1950s. In the intervening years almost every serious psy chometrist has, at one time or another, called for emphasis on assessment of the of learning, rather than an exclusive emphasis on assessment of the processes products of prior opportunities to learn. One has to wonder why we have had to wait so long for formalization and instrumentation of the methods for doing just that! Of course, we psychologists like to do what we do well, and we have learned to do static, normative assessment, especially of "intelligence," very well indeed. Unfortunately, it is also true that dynamic/interactive assessment has not attracted or fueled the volume of high-quality research that is still going to be necessary if it is to survive as a widely used supplement to static, normative testing. This volume, incorporating a strong research base, goes a long way toward remedia tion of that situation.
Contents
1. Dynamic-Interactive Approaches to Assessment of Learning Potential.- Criticism of Standardized Testing.- Historical and Social Background.- Definition of Dynamic Assessment (DA).- Issues Related to DA.- Purposes of the Book.- 2. Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory and Applications for Assessment.- Historical Background.- The Concepts of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and Internalization.- Implications of the ZPD Concept.- The "Graduated Prompt" Approach.- The Learntest Approach.- 3. The Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) Theory.- The Background of MLE Theory Development.- Basic Assumptions of the MLE Theory.- The Concept of Cognitive Modifiability.- Definition of MLE.- Distal and Proximal Etiology of Cognitive Development.- Criteria of MLE.- Use of Mediation in DA Procedures.- Cultural Difference versus Cultural Deprivation.- The Differences among Feuerstein, Piaget, and Vygotsky.- Assessment Procedures of the Learning Propensity Assessment Device (LPAD).- The LPAD Instruments.- Reliability of the LPAD.- Research Perspectives of the LPAD.- Group Dynamic Assessment.- Clinical-Educational Research.- Use of the LPAD in Cognitive Education Programs.- 4. Distinctive Features of the Clinical DA Approach.- Impulsivity and Test Performance: A Case Study.- Goals of DA.- Cognitive Functions.- Four Shifts from Standardized-Conventional Testing to DA.- A Triadic Model of Examiner, Task, and Child.- Taxonomy of DA Approaches.- Conditions for Use of DA.- 5. Dynamic Assessment of Young Children: Principles, Approaches, and Procedures.- Adaptation of Test Materials to Child's Developmental Level.- "Bridging" of Concrete Operations to Abstract Level of Functioning.- Communication Aspects in DA of Young Children.- Clinical/Educational and Measurement/Research Versions ofDA.- Baseline Preliminary Phase as an Integrative Component of DA.- Scoring Methods for the Measurement/Research Version.- Transfer Problems.- Comparison of Modifiability Indices across Difficulty Level and Task Dimensions.- Assessment of Nonintellective Factors and Their Modifiability.- Creativity in Construction of Problems by Examiner and Examinee.- 6. Dynamic Assessment Instruments for Young Children.- The Children's Analogical Thinking Modifiability Test.- The Children's Inferential Thinking Modifiability Test.- The Frame Test of Cognitive Modifiability.- The Children's Seriational Thinking Modifiability Test.- The Complex Figure Test.- The Cognitive Modifiability Battery: Assessment and Intervention.- The Seria-Think Instrument.- The Children's Conceptual and Perceptual Analogies Modifiability (CCPAM) Test.- 7. Educational Aspects of Dynamic Assessment.- The Utility of DA with Children of Different SES Levels.- DA of Children with Mental Handicaps, Developmental Delays, and Specific Learning Difficulties.- DA of Deaf Children.- The Relation between Item Difficulty and Performance Improvement after Mediation.- DA of Culturally Different Children.- DA of Children with Language Deficits.- Comparison of Different Mediational Strategies in DA.- Prediction of School Achievement by Static versus DA Measures.- DA and Reflectivity-Impulsivity Dimension.- DA in a Computer Assisted (CA) Environment.- Case Study: A Child with Specific Learning Difficulties.- 8. Use of DA from Developmental-Cognitive Perspectives.- Rationale for Use of DA in Developmental-Cognitive Studies.- Studies Derived from General Cognitive Developmental Models.- Advantages of the MLE Model.- Methodological Aspects of the MLE Model.- Measurement of Cognitive Modifiability with DA Instruments.-MLE Research with Infants and Toddlers.- MLE Research with Kindergarten and School-Age Children.- 9. Use of Dynamic Assessment in Evaluation of Cognitive Education Programs.- The Rationale of Using DA for Evaluation of Cognitive Education Programs.- The Bright Start Program.- The Structured Program of Visual Motor Integration (SP-VMI).- The Peer Mediation with Young Children (PMYC) Program.- 10. Epilogue.- Cross-Cultural Dilemmas of Practicing Cognitive Education.- Why Is Implementation of DA Difficult?.- Some Unresolved Issues.- Is Cognitive Modifiability Generalized across Domains?.- Prediction of School Achievements by DA versus Static Measures.- Reliability of DA.- Validity of DA.- The Need for a Transactional Ecological Model in Mediated Learning Interactions.- The Family as a Mediational Unit.- Does Quantity of Interactions Transform into Quality?.- Does MLE Process Transfer across Contexts?.- The Question of the Outcome Measures.- Can We Predict Cognitive Modifiability?.- References.
