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基本説明
New in paperback. Hardcover was published in 2008. This volume examines early modern moral philosophy from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century.
Full Description
The Development of Ethics is a selective historical and critical study of moral philosophy in the Socratic tradition, with special attention to Aristotelian naturalism. It discusses the main topics of moral philosophy as they have developed historically, including: the human good, human nature, justice, friendship, and morality; the methods of moral inquiry; the virtues and their connexions; will, freedom, and responsibility; reason and emotion; relativism, subjectivism, and realism; the theological aspect of morality. This volume examines early modern moral philosophy from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Volume 3 will continue the story up to Rawls's Theory of Justice.
The present volume begins with Suarez's interpretation of Scholastic moral philosophy, and examines seventeenth- and eighteenth- century responses to the Scholastic outlook, to see how far they constitute a distinctively different conception of moral philosophy. The treatments of natural law by Grotius, Hobbes, Cumberland, and Pufendorf are treated in some detail. Disputes about moral facts, moral judgments, and moral motivation, are traced through Cudworth, Clarke, Balguy, Hutcheson, Hume, Price, and Reid. Butler's defence of a naturalist account of morality is examined and compared with the Aristotelian and Scholastic views discussed in Volume 1. The volume ends with a survey of the persistence of voluntarism in English moral philosophy, and a brief discussion of the contrasts and connexions between Rousseau and earlier views on natural law.
The emphasis of the book is not purely descriptive, narrative, or exegetical, but also philosophical. Irwin discusses the comparative merits of different views, the difficulties that they raise, and how some of the difficulties might be resolved. The book tries to present the leading moral philosophers of the past as participants in a rational discussion that is still being carried on, and tries to help the reader to participate in this discussion.
Contents
30. Suarez: law and obligation ; 31. Suarez: naturalism ; 32. Natural law and 'modern' moral philosophy ; 33. Grotius ; 34. Hobbes: Motives and Reasons ; 35. Hobbes: from Human Nature to Morality ; 36. Hobbes: morality ; 37. Spinoza ; 38. The 'British Moralists' ; 39. Cumberland and Maxwell ; 40. Cudworth ; 41. Locke and Natural Law ; 42. Pufendorf ; 43. Leibniz: Naturalism and Eudaemonism ; 44. Pufendorf and Natural Law ; 45. Shaftesbury ; 46. Clarke ; 47. Hutcheson: For and Against Moral Realism ; 48. Hutcheson: For and Against Utilitarianism ; 49. Balguy: a Defence of Rationalism ; 50. Balguy and Clarke: Morality and Natural Theology ; 51. Butler: Nature ; 52. Butler: Superior Principles ; 53. Butler: Naturalism and Morality ; 54. Butler: Implications of Naturalism ; 55. Hume: Nature ; 56. Hume: Passion and Reason ; 57. Hume: Errors of Objectivism ; 58. Hume: the moral sense ; 59. Hume: the Virtues ; 60. Smith ; 61. Price ; 62. Reid: action and will ; 63. Reid: knowledge and morality ; 64. Voluntarism, egoism, and utilitarianism ; 65. Rousseau
