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Description
This book is aimed to bring the reader into the heart of the action of any health professional consulted for a patient with a neurogenic bladder (NB). Extensive textbooks of the NB exist but there is a lack of an actual practical guide for diagnosis and management of patients suffering from NB. This book provides a single source of information on consultation in neurourology. The text covers both urinary incontinence and retention resulting from NB dysfunction. The book also discusses complications of NB which include urinary tract infections, hydronephrosis, renal failure or autonomic dysreflexia. Sections address these clinical issues faced by physicians. This book provides a useful guide with comprehensive and practical instructions for all practitioners dealing with NB in their day-to-day clinical practice. It will serve as a valuable resource for those with a special interest in NB. The book reviews new data about diagnostic and management options. It also provides a concise yet comprehensive summary of the current NB guidelines from different societies. All chapters include the most up to date scientific and clinical information with the relevant level of clinical evidence and grade of recommendation.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Foreword(s)
Preface
Part I
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
Book Presentation with Overview of Bladder Physiology
Book Presentation
Organization of Summaries and Recommendations
Overview of the Physiology of Lower Urinary Tract
Chapter 2
Neurogenic Bladder Pathophysiology
Introduction
Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity
Neurogenic Detrusor Underactivity
Detrusor-Sphincter Dyssynergia
Neurogenic Sphincter Deficiency
Conclusion
Chapter 3
Pathologies Responsible for the Development of the Neurogenic Bladder
Introduction
Traumatic Entities and their Neuro-Urological Consequences
Head Injury
Spinal Cord Injury<
Spinal shock
Suprasacral injury
Sacral injurySpinal cord injury and bladder behaviour – general overview
Non-Traumatic Entities and Their Neuro-Urological Consequences
Suprapontine Lesion (Brain)
Cerebrovascular accident
Degeneration (Parkinsonian syndrome, Dementia)
Brain Tumors
Cerebral Palsy
Infrapontine-Suprasacral Lesion (Spinal Cord)
Demyelination (Multiple sclerosis, Transverse myelitis)
Spina Bifida
Sacral-Infrasacral Lesion (Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System)
Intervertebral Disk Prolapse
Peripheral Neuropathies (Diabetes, Iatrogenic causes)
Conclusion
Part II
FIRST CONSULTATION OF PATIENTS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY
Chapter 4
Medical History and Physical Examination
Introduction
Medical History
Physical Examination
Conclusion
Chapter 5
Testing
Introduction
Recommended TestsUrinalysis/urine Culture
Blood Chemistry
Voiding Diary
Postvoid Residual
Urinary Tract Ultrasound
Elective Tests
Urethrocystoscopy
Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Other
Uroflowmetry
Urodynamic Testing
Video-urodynamics
Specialist Uro-neurophysiological Tests
Conclusion
Chapter 6
Bladder Management and Follow-Up Plan
Introduction
Bladder Management
Follow-up Plan
Conclusion
Part III
CONSULTATIONS FOR MAIN COMPLAINTS IN NEUROGENIC BLADDERS
Chapter 7
Incontinence Due to Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
History and Physical Examination
Bladder Diary and Questionnaires
Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Pad-weighing Test
Renal Evaluation
Other Investigations
Urodynamics
Involuntary detrusor contractions
Decreased bladder compliance
Increased bladder sensation
Decreased cystometric capacity
Treatment
Conservative Treatment
Pharmacological Treatment
Oral administration
Transcutaneous administration
Intravesical administration
Botulinum Toxin A InjectionsNeurostimulation/Neuromodulation
Sacral neuromodulation
Tibial nerve stimulation
Transcutaenous electrical nerve stimulation<
Surgery
Bladder augmentation and detrusor myectomy
Urinary diversion
Conclusion
Chapter 8
Retention
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
History and Physical Examination
Bladder Diary and Questionnaires
Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Uroflowmetry
Postvoid Residual
Renal Evaluation
Bladder Ultrasound
Other Investigations
Patients with retention due to neurogenic detrusor underactivity (Detrusor underactivity, Reduced bladder sensation, Increased cystometric capacity)
Patients with retention due to detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia
Treatment
Treatment of Patients with Retention Due to NDU
Intermittent catheterization
Indwelling catheterization
Sacral neuromodulation
Other modalities
Treatment of Patients with Retention Due to DSD
Intermittent catheterization + pharmacotherapy
Botulinum toxin A injections
Sacral neuromodulation
External sphincterotomy
Indwelling catheteriation, urinary diversion
Special Consideration for Patients With Detrusor Hyperactivity and Impaired Contractility
Conclusion
Chapter 9
Incontinence Due to Neurogenic Sphincter Deficiency
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Medical History
Physical Examination
Other Recommended and Elective Tests
Urodynamics
Treatment
Conservative Treatment
Pelvic floor muscle therapy
Surgery
Artificial urinary sphincter
Slings
Bulking agents
Artifical compression devices (balloon insertion)
Invasive surgery
Conclusion
Part IV
CONSULTATIONS FOR COMPLICATIONS OF NEUROGENIC BLADDER
Chapter 10
Urinary Tract Infection
Introduction
Definitions
EpidemiologyDiagnosis
Symptoms and Signs
Laboratory Testing
Additional Testing
Treatment
Prevention
Mechanical Strategies for UTI Prevention
Intermittent catheterization
Indwelling catheterization
Medical Strategies for UTI prevention
Conclusion
Chapter 11
Urolithiasis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Stone CompositionDiagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis
Treatment
Preoperative Considerations in Neurogenic Patents Suffering from Uroliathisis
Treatment Options
Prevention
Conclusion
Chapter 12
Hydronephrosis
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Medical History and Physical Examination
Laboratory Testing
Imaging
Ultrasound
Computed tomography
Other techniques
Treatment
Drainage
Percutaneous nephrostomyUreteral stents
Other
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Conclusion
Chapter 13
Renal Failure
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Chronic Kidney Disease (Chronic Renal Failure)
Definitions and staging
Signs and symptoms
Laboratory data
Imaging studies
Acute Kidney Injury
Definitions and staging<
Signs and symptoms
Laboratory data
Imaging studies
Treatment
Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease
Urinary diversion
Renal replacement therapy
Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury
Conclusion
Chapter 14
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Diagnosis
Symptoms and Signs
Consequences
Treatment
Acute Management
Chronic Management (Prevention)
Conclusion
Chapter 15
Other (Bladder Cancer, Sexual Dysfunction)
Bladder cancer
Epidemiology<
Risk Factors
Screening
Diagnosis and Treatment
Sexual Dysfunction
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Management of sexual (erectile) dysfunction in the male
Management of sexual dysfunction in the female)
Conclusion
Chapter 16
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Neurogenic Bladder
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pharmacological TreatmentSurgical Treatment
Other Treatment Options
Conclusion
Part V
PATIENT EDUCATION
Chapter 17
Patient Education
Introduction
Intermittent Catheterization
Behavioural Techniques
Toileting Assistance
Pelvic Floor Muscle Therapy
Lifestyle Intervention
Care of Urinary Diversion
Conclusion
Part VI
REPORTS AND GUIDELINES
Chapter 18
Reports and Guidelines on Neurogenic Bladder
General Neurourological Guidelines
Patients after Spinal Cord Injury
Pediatric Patients
Urodynamics
Regional Guidelines
