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THE CHEMISTRY OF FOOD THE CHEMISTRY OF FOOD
This advanced textbook covers all the main macro- and micronutrients and the essential nutritional factors that determine the nutritional and energy value of foods and raw food material. It includes chapters devoted to amino acids, peptides and proteins, fats and other lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral substances and water, and in addition to chapters devoted to antinutritional, toxic and other biologically active substances, food additives and contaminants.
Each chapter addresses one of the main individual components of food, reviewing its important properties and functions. Detailed descriptions and explanations of the changes and chemical/biochemical reactions that occur under different conditions are also covered. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the chemical composition of foods and the changes that take place during food production, processing and storage. With an extensive list of tables and its comprehensive coverage, this almost encyclopaedic volume will be ideal for students at the Masters level and beyond, and is a vital all-in-one reference for professional food chemists, researchers and the food industry.
The Chemistry of Food is supported by a website of online resources, including web links to relevant news and journal articles, references and further reading, glossary of key terms, and revision notes for all topics/chapters.
Contents
PREFACE vii ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 4
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Amino acids 4
2.3 Peptides 27
2.4 Proteins 35
2.5 Reactions 63
CHAPTER 3 FATS, OILS AND OTHER LIPIDS 87
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 Classification 87
3.3 Fatty acids 88
3.4 Homolipids 108
3.5 Heterolipids 123
3.6 Miscellaneous simple and complex lipids 129
3.7 Substances accompanying lipids 132
3.8 Reactions 145
CHAPTER 4 SACCHARIDES 198
4.1 Introduction 198
4.2 Monosaccharides 199
4.3 Derivatives of monosaccharides 207
4.4 Oligosaccharides 217
4.5 Polysaccharides 230
4.6 Complex saccharides 278
4.7 Reactions 280
CHAPTER 5 VITAMINS 335
5.1 Introduction 335
5.2 Vitamin A 337
5.3 Vitamin D 345
5.4 Vitamin E 349
5.5 Vitamin K 356
5.6 Thiamine 359
5.7 Riboflavin 364
5.8 Niacin 367
5.9 Pantothenic acid 370
5.10 Pyridoxal, pyridoxol and pyridoxamine 372
5.11 Biotin 375
5.12 Folacin 377
5.13 Corrinoids 380
5.14 Vitamin C 384
5.15 Other active substances 396
CHAPTER 6 MINERALS 402
6.1 Introduction 402
6.2 Chemistry of minerals 404
6.3 Essential elements 416
6.4 Non-essential elements 442
6.5 Toxic elements 444
6.6 Toxic inorganic anions 451
6.7 Radionuclides 454
CHAPTER 7 WATER 459
7.1 Introduction 459
7.2 Drinking water 459
7.3 Water in foods 463
7.4 Structure 464
7.5 Properties 466
7.6 Interactions 466
7.7 Phase interfaces 473
7.8 Food dispersed systems 477
7.9 Water activity 494
CHAPTER 8 FLAVOUR-ACTIVE COMPOUNDS 499
8.1 Introduction 499
8.2 Odour-active substances 500
8.3 Taste-active substances 621
CHAPTER 9 PIGMENTS AND OTHER COLORANTS 656
9.1 Introduction 656
9.2 Tetrapyrroles 657
9.3 Other nitrogen pigments 669
9.4 Flavonoids 677
9.5 Xanthones 699
9.6 Curcuminoids 701
9.7 Isochromenes 701
9.8 Quinoid pigments 703
9.9 Carotenoids 713
9.10 Iridoids 730
9.11 Other terpenoid pigments 730
9.12 Enzymatic browning reactions 732
CHAPTER 10 ANTINUTRITIONAL, TOXIC AND OTHER BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS 741
10.1 Introduction 741
10.2 Antinutritional compounds 743
10.3 Toxic compounds 747
CHAPTER 11 FOOD ADDITIVES 847
11.1 Introduction 847
11.2 Substances prolonging the shelf life of foods 848
11.3 Substances regulating odour and taste 863
11.4 Substances modifying colour 875
11.5 Substances modifying texture 882
11.6 Substances increasing biological value 888
11.7 Other food additives 888
CHAPTER 12 FOOD CONTAMINANTS 892
12.1 Introduction 892
12.2 Technological contaminants 894
12.3 Microbial toxins 942
12.4 Persistent organohalogen contaminants 963
12.5 Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons 999
12.6 Pesticides 999
12.7 Veterinary drugs 1022
12.8 Contaminants from packaging materials 1031
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1041
INDEX 1079
