Full Description
More than 100 indigenous languages are spoken in Mexico and Central America. Each language partitions the color spectrum according to a pattern that is unique in some way. But every local system of color categories also shares characteristics with the systems of other Mesoamerican languages and of languages elsewhere in the world.
This book presents the results of the Mesoamerican Color Survey, which Robert E. MacLaury conducted in 1978-1981. Drawn from interviews with 900 speakers of some 116 Mesoamerican languages, the book provides a sweeping overview of the organization and semantics of color categorization in modern Mesoamerica.
Extensive analysis and MacLaury's use of vantage theory reveal complex and often surprising interrelationships among the ways languages categorize colors. His findings offer valuable cross-cultural data for all students of Mesoamerica. They will also be of interest to all linguists and cognitive scientists working on theories of categorization more generally.
Contents
Foreword by John R. Taylor
Preface
Acknowledgments
Permissions
Conventions
Part One. Preliminaries
1. Conceptual and Material Equipment
1.1. Influential Concepts
1.2. Stimulus Materials
1.2.1. A Short History of Standards
1.3. Summary
2. Issues in Color Ethnography
2.1. Language versus Vision: An Evolutionary Debate
2.2. Crosscultural Perception
2.3. Relativism
2.4. Universalism À la Berlin and Kay
2.4.1. The 1975 Hue Sequence
2.4.2. Fuzzy Sets and Neural Response Categories
2.4.3. Semiotic Models
2.4.4. Surveys and Reformulation
2.5. A Dynamic Model
2.6. World Overview
2.7. Summary
3. Descriptive Method
3.1. Equipment
3.2. Elicitation
3.3. Display of Individual Data
3.3.1. Naming Ranges and Qualifier Distributions
3.3.2. Foci
3.3.3. Mappings
3.4. Analysis of Individual Data
3.4.1. Naming Ranges and Mappings
3.4.2. Correspondence among Mappings
3.4.3. Qualifiers and Mappings
3.4.4. Complementation of Qualifiers
3.5. Summary
4. Axioms
4.1. Perceptual Axioms
4.1.1. Evidence
4.1.1.1. Discrimination Distance
4.1.1.2. The Disadvantage of Short-Wavelength Cones
4.1.1.3. Other Evidence
4.2. Cognitive Axioms
4.3. Motivation
4.4. Engagement of Axioms
4.5. Using the Axioms
4.5.1. Tzeltal Hue Categories
4.5.2. A Model of Variation in Tzeltal Color Categorization
4.5.3. Issues of Theory
4.6. Summary
Part Two. Viewpoint and Category Change: A Continuous Typology of Relations
5. Coextensive Semantic Ranges
5.1. Characteristics of Coextension
5.1.1. Coextension in the Warm Category
5.1.2. Coextension in the Cool Category
5.1.3. Coextension in Two Environments
5.2. Coextension in Relation to Other Semantic Types
5.3. Semantic Evolution in Two Environments
5.4. Summary
6. Vantages
6.1. The Dominant-Recessive Pattern of Coextension
6.1.1. Variation on a Continuum
6.1.2. The Null Hypothesis
6.1.3. Alternative Explanations
6.2. Categorization as Spatiotemporal Analogy
6.2.1. Vantages and Coordinates
6.2.2. Relativity of Coordinates
6.2.3. Formalisms
6.2.3.1. Different Sizes of Dominant and Recessive Ranges
6.2.3.2. Increase of the Size Differential
6.2.3.3. Near Synonymy, Coextension, and Inclusion
6.2.3.4. Complementation
6.2.4. Pragmatics
6.2.5. Summation
6.3. Descriptions of Coextension
6.3.1. Early Coextension
6.3.2. Late Coextension
6.3.3. Dominant and Recessive Qualifiers
6.3.4. Lexical Borrowing
6.3.5. Triple Coextension
6.3.6. Balanced Coextension
6.3.7. Systems Not in Table 6.1
6.3.8. Foci of the Warm Category
6.4. Implications of Vantage Theory
6.4.1. Analogy on the Level of Coordinates
6.4.2. Phylogeny
6.4.3. Human versus Animal Categorization
6.4.4. Innateness
6.4.5. Embodiment
6.4.6. A Vantage Is Always Part of a Category
6.4.7. Coordinates versus Features
6.4.8. Primary Motivation versus Function
6.4.9. Alternative Accounts of Color Categorization
6.4.10. Etic and Emic
6.4.11. Point of View and Fuzziness
6.4.12. Boundaries
6.4.13. Contextualization and Connotation
6.4.14. Category Change
6.4.15. Judgments of Similarity and Difference within Categories
6.4.16. Judgments of Asymmetry within Categories
6.4.17. Reference Point Reasoning
6.4.18. Categorical Perception versus Weber's Law
6.4.19. Relativity and Universality
6.4.20. Is the Space-Time Analogy Alive or Dead?
6.4.21. Speed and Productivity
6.4.22. Is It Possible to Categorize without Constructing a Vantage?
6.5. Summary
7. Category Division
7.1. Pulling Apart the Warm Category
7.1.1. Superordination in Reference to Yellow
7.1.2. Superordination in Reference to Red
7.1.3. Inclusion to Complementation
7.1.4. Polarized Inclusion
7.1.5. Notions of Categorization
7.2. Mirror Images of the Dark-Cool Category
7.2.1. Categories of Elemental Color
7.2.2. Categories of Brightness
7.3. The Elusive Light-Warm Category
7.4. Summary
Part Three. Further Dynamics, Reflectivity, and Complex Categorization
8. Skewing and Darkening
8.1. Skewing
8.1.1. Degree of Skewing
8.1.2. Direction of Skewing
8.2. Quantification
8.2.1. Outline of Major Numbers
8.2.2. Descriptions and Analyses
8.2.2.1. Statistics on the Direction of Skewing
8.2.2.2. Statistics on the Degree of Skewing
8.2,2.3. Statistics on Darkening
8.2.2.4. Statistics on the Dominant-Recessive Pattern
8.2.2.5. Statistics on Transference
8.2.2.6. Miscellaneous Statistics
8.2.3. Synopsis
8.3. Darkening
8.4. Qualifiers and Skewing
8.5. Aggregates of Foci in Specific Languages
8.6. Transference versus Areal Diffusion
8.7 Summary
9. Submerged Versus Reflective Categorization
9.1. Single Foci
9.2. Dual Foci
9.3. Triple Foci
9.4. Overviews of Viewpoints
9.4.1. Kinds of Thinking
9.4.2. In Common Terms
9.4.3. In Formal Terms
9.5. Distinguishing Closely versus Customarily Taking an Overview
9.6. Summary
10. Crossover
10.1. Crossover and Coextension
10.2. Crossover and Inclusion
10.3. An Areal Study
10.4. Qualifier Coextension
10.5. Brightness Coextension
10.6. Summary
11. Transference Versus Diffusion: Mesoamerica Compared With the World
11.1. The Cool Category in Global Perspective
11.2. Results of Skewing
11.3. Conditions That Affect Skewing
11.3.1. Crossover
11.3.2. Brightness Categories Focused in Blue
11.3.3. Brightness Categories Focused in Yellow
11.3.4. Yellow-with-Green Hue Categories
11.3.5. Coextensive Naming
11.3.6. Incipient Transference
11.4. Transference in State Societies
11.5. Summary
Part Four. Conclusion
12. Color and Categorization
12.1. Three Levels of Analysis
12.1.1. Raw Observations
12.1.2. A Model of Color Categorization
12.1.2.1. Axioms and Dynamics
12.1.2.2. Points of View and Frames of Reference
12.1.2.3. Simplex and Complex Categorization
12.1.2.4. Flip-Flop
12.1.3. A Theory of Categorization
Appendix I. Inventory of Data, Collaborators, Languages, and Locations
Appendix II. Linguistic Relations
Appendix III. Technical Information
Appendix IV. A Cognitive Ceiling of Eleven Basic Color Terms
Appendix V. North and South of Mesoamerica
Appendix VI. Data Organization Methods
Appendix VII. Inventory of Observations
Appendix VIII. Formulae
Notes
Glossary
Bibliography
Name Index
Language Index
Subject Index
