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In The Fundamentals of Ethics, Fourth Edition, author Russ Shafer-Landau employs a uniquely engaging writing style to introduce students to the essential ideas of moral philosophy. Offering more comprehensive coverage of the good life, normative ethics, and metaethics than any other text of its kind, this book also addresses issues that are often omitted from other texts, such as the doctrine of doing and allowing, the doctrine of double effect, ethicalparticularism, the desire-satisfaction theory of well-being, moral error theory, and Ross's theory of prima facie duties. Shafer-Landau carefully reconstructs and analyzes dozens of arguments in depth, at a level that is understandable to students with no prior philosophical background.Ideal for courses in introductory ethics and contemporary moral problems, this book can be used as a stand-alone text or with the author's companion reader, The Ethical Life: Fundamental Readings in Ethics and Moral Problems, Fourth Edition.
Contents
PrefaceNew to the Fourth Edition: Instructor's Manual and Companion Website: A Note on the Companion Volume: Acknowledgments: INTRODUCTIONThe Lay of the LandSkepticism about EthicsEthical Starting PointsWhat Is Morality?Moral ReasoningThe Role of Moral TheoryLooking AheadPART ONE. THE GOOD LIFE1. Hedonism: Its Powerful AppealHappiness and Intrinsic ValueThe Attractions of HedonismThere Are Many Models of a Good Life: Personal Authority and Well-Being: Misery Clearly Hampers a Good Life; Happiness Clearly Improves It: The Limits of Explanation: Rules of the Good Life--and Their Exceptions: Happiness Is What We Want for Our Loved Ones: 2. Is Happiness All That Matters?The Paradox of HedonismEvil PleasuresThe Two WorldsFalse HappinessThe Importance of AutonomyLife's TrajectoryUnhappiness as a Symptom of HarmConclusion3. Getting What You WantA Variety of Good LivesPersonal AuthorityAvoiding Objective ValuesMotivationJustifying the Pursuit of Self-InterestKnowledge of the Good4. Problems for the Desire TheoryGetting What You Want May Not Be Necessary for Promoting Your GoodGetting What You Want May Not Be Sufficient for Promoting Your GoodDesires Based on False Beliefs: Disinterested and Other-Regarding Desires: Disappointment: Ignorance of Desire Satisfaction: Impoverished Desires: The Paradox of Self-Harm and Self-Sacrifice: The Fallibility of Our Deepest Desires: ConclusionPART TWO. NORMATIVE ETHICS: DOING THE RIGHT THING5. Morality and ReligionThree Assumptions about Morality and ReligionFirst Assumption: Religious Belief Is Needed for Moral Motivation: Second Assumption: God Is the Creator of Morality: Third Assumption: Religion Is an Essential Source of Moral Guidance: Conclusion6. Natural LawThe Theory and Its AttractionsThree Conceptions of Human NatureHuman Nature as Animal Nature: Human Nature Is What Is Innate: Human Nature Is What All Humans Have in Common: Natural PurposesThe Argument from HumanityConclusion7. Psychological EgoismEgoism and AltruismDoes It Matter Whether Psychological Egoism Is True?The Argument from Our Strongest DesiresThe Argument from Expected BenefitTwo Egoistic StrategiesAppealing to the Guilty Conscience: Expanding the Realm of Self-Interest: Letting the Evidence DecideConclusion8. Ethical EgoismWhy Be Moral?Two Popular Arguments for Ethical EgoismThe Self-Reliance Argument: The Libertarian Argument: The Best Argument for Ethical EgoismThree Problems for Ethical EgoismEgoism Violates Core Moral Beliefs: Egoism Cannot Allow for the Existence of Moral Rights: Egoism Arbitrarily Makes My Interests All-Important: Conclusion9. Consequentialism: Its Nature and AttractionsThe Nature of ConsequentialismStructure: Maximizing Goodness: Moral Knowledge: Actual Versus Expected Results: Assessing Actions and Intentions: The Attractions of UtilitarianismImpartiality: The Ability to Justify Conventional Moral Wisdom: Conflict Resolution: Moral Flexibility: The Scope of the Moral CommunitySlippery Slope Arguments10. Consequentialism: Its DifficultiesMeasuring Well-BeingUtilitarianism Is Very DemandingDeliberation: Motivation: Action: ImpartialityNo Intrinsic Wrongness (or Rightness)The Problem of InjusticePotential Solutions to the Problem of InjusticeJustice Is Also Intrinsically Valuable: Injustice Is Never Optimific: Justice Must Sometimes Be Sacrificed: Rule ConsequentialismConclusion11. The Kantian Perspective: Fairness and JusticeConsistency and FairnessThe Principle of UniversalizabilityMorality and RationalityAssessing the Principle of UniversalizabilityIntegrityKant on Absolute Moral Duties12. The Kantian Perspective: Autonomy and RespectThe Principle of HumanityThe Importance of Rationality and AutonomyThe Good Will and Moral WorthFive Problems with the Principle of HumanityVagueness: Determining Just Deserts: Are We Autonomous?: Moral Luck: The Scope of the Moral Community: Conclusion13. The Social Contract Tradition: The Theory and Its AttractionsThe Lure of ProceduralismThe Background of the Social Contract TheoryThe Prisoner's DilemmaCooperation and the State of NatureThe Advantages of ContractarianismMorality Is Essentially a Social Phenomenon: Contractarianism Explains and Justifies the Content of the Basic Moral Rules: Contractarianism Offers a Method for Justifying Every Moral Rule: Contractarianism Explains the Objectivity of Morality: Contractarianism Explains Why It Is Sometimes Acceptable to Break the Moral Rules: More Advantages: Morality and the LawContractarianism Justifies a Basic Moral Duty to Obey the Law: The Contractarian Justification of Legal Punishment: Contractarianism Justifies the State's Role in Criminal Law: Contractarianism and Civil Disobedience: 14. The Social Contract Tradition: Problems and ProspectsWhy Be Moral?The Role of ConsentDisagreement among the ContractorsThe Scope of the Moral CommunityConclusion15. Ethical Pluralism and Absolute Moral RulesThe Structure of Moral TheoriesIs Torture Always Immoral?Preventing CatastrophesThe Doctrine of Double EffectA Reply to the Argument from Disaster Prevention: How the DDE Threatens Act Consequentialism: Distinguishing Intention from Foresight: Moral Conflict and ContradictionIs Moral Absolutism Irrational?The Doctrine of Doing and AllowingConclusion16. Ethical Pluralism: Prima Facie Duties and Ethical ParticularismRoss's Ethic of Prima Facie DutiesThe Advantages of Ross's ViewPluralism: We Are Sometimes Permitted to Break the Moral Rules: Moral Conflict: Moral Regret: Addressing the Anti-absolutist Arguments: A Problem for Ross's ViewKnowing the Fundamental Moral RulesSelf-Evidence and the Testing of Moral TheoriesKnowing the Right Thing to DoEthical ParticularismThree Problems for Ethical ParticularismIts Lack of Unity: Accounting for Moral Knowledge: Some Things Possess Permanent Moral Importance: Conclusion17. Virtue EthicsThe Standard of Right ActionMoral ComplexityMoral UnderstandingMoral EducationThe Nature of VirtueVirtue and the Good LifeObjectionsTragic Dilemmas: Does Virtue Ethics Offer Adequate Moral Guidance?: Is Virtue Ethics Too Demanding?: Who Are the Moral Role Models?: Conflict and Contradiction: The Priority Problem: Conclusion18. Feminist EthicsThe Elements of Feminist EthicsMoral DevelopmentWomen's ExperienceThe Ethics of CareThe Importance of Emotions: Against Unification: Against Impartiality and Abstraction: Against Competition: Downplaying Rights: Challenges for Feminist EthicsConclusion19. Ethical RelativismMoral SkepticismTwo Kinds of Ethical RelativismSome Implications of Ethical Subjectivism and Cultural RelativismMoral Infallibility: Moral Equivalence: Questioning Our Own Commitments: Moral Progress: Ethical Subjectivism and the Problem of Contradiction: Cultural Relativism and the Problem of Contradiction: Ideal ObserversConclusion20. Moral NihilismError TheoryExpressivismHow Is It Possible to Argue Logically about Morality?: Expressivism and Amoralists: The Nature of Moral Judgment: Conclusion21. Eleven Arguments Against Moral Objectivity1. Objectivity Requires Absolutism2. All Truth Is Subjective3. Equal Rights Imply Equal Plausibility4. Moral Objectivity Supports Dogmatism5. Moral Objectivity Supports Intolerance6. Moral Objectivity Cannot Allow for Legitimate Cultural Variation7. Moral Disagreement Undermines Moral Objectivity8. Atheism Undermines Moral Objectivity9. The Absence of Categorical Reasons Undermines Moral Objectivity10. Moral Motivation Undermines Moral Objectivity11. Values Have No Place in a Scientific WorldConclusionReferences: Suggestions for Further Reading: Glossary: Index:
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